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NURUL ALIA SYAFIKA
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Monday, 12 March 2018

INTRODUCTION TO THE INTERNET

Posted by NURUL ALIA SYAFIKA at 08:38

THE INTERNET
  The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer networks - a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers). It was conceived by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. government in 1969 and was first known as the ARPANet. The original aim was to create a network that would allow users of a research computer at one university to "talk to" research computers at other universities. A side benefit of ARPANet's design was that, because messages could be routed or rerouted in more than one direction, the network could continue to function even if parts of it were destroyed in the event of a military attack or other disaster.


 THE INTRANET
 An intranet is a private network that is contained within an enterprise. It may consist of many interlinked local area networks and also use leased lines in the wide area network. Typically, an intranet includes connections through one or more gateway computers to the outside Internet. The main purpose of an intranet is to share company information and computing resources among employees. An intranet can also be used to facilitate working in groups and for teleconferences


THE EXTRANET
An extranet is a private network that uses Internet technology and the public telecommunication system to securely share part of a business's information or operations with suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or other businesses. An extranet can be viewed as part of a company's intranet that is extended to users outside the company. It has also been described as a "state of mind" in which the Internet is perceived as a way to do business with other companies as well as to sell products to customers.


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Monday, 5 March 2018

NETWORK TOPOLOGY

Posted by NURUL ALIA SYAFIKA at 20:15

         

BUS TOPOLOGY

Bus topology is a network type in which every computer and network device is connected to single cable. When it has exactly two endpoints, then it is called Linear Bus topology.



Features of Bus Topology


  1. It transmits data only in one direction.
  2. Every device is connected to a single cable

Advantages of Bus Topology


  1. It is cost effective.
  2. Cable required is least compared to other network topology.
  3. Used in small networks.
  4. It is easy to understand.
  5. Easy to expand joining two cables together.

Disadvantages of Bus Topology


  1. Cables fails then whole network fails.
  2. If network traffic is heavy or nodes are more the performance of the network decreases.
  3. Cable has a limited length.
  4. It is slower than the ring topology.



RING TOPOLOGY

It is called ring topology because it forms a ring as each computer is connected to another computer, with the last one connected to the first. Exactly two neighbours for each device.


Features of Ring Topology


  1. A number of repeaters are used for Ring topology with large number of nodes, because if someone wants to send some data to the last node in the ring topology with 100 nodes, then the data will have to pass through 99 nodes to reach the 100th node. Hence to prevent data loss repeaters are used in the network.
  2. The transmission is unidirectional, but it can be made bidirectional by having 2 connections between each Network Node, it is called Dual Ring Topology.
  3. In Dual Ring Topology, two ring networks are formed, and data flow is in opposite direction in them. Also, if one ring fails, the second ring can act as a backup, to keep the network up.
  4. Data is transferred in a sequential manner that is bit by bit. Data transmitted, has to pass through each node of the network, till the destination node.
     

Advantages of Ring Topology


  1. Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic or by adding more nodes, as only the nodes having tokens can transmit data.
  2. Cheap to install and expand

Disadvantages of Ring Topology


  1. Troubleshooting is difficult in ring topology.
  2. Adding or deleting the computers disturbs the network activity.
  3. Failure of one computer disturbs the whole network.



STAR TOPOLOGY

In this type of topology all the computers are connected to a single hub through a cable. This hub is the central node and all others nodes are connected to the central node. 



Features of Star Topology


  1. Every node has its own dedicated connection to the hub.
  2. Hub acts as a repeater for data flow.
  3. Can be used with twisted pair, Optical Fibre or coaxial cable.

Advantages of Star Topology


  1. Fast performance with few nodes and low network traffic.
  2. Hub can be upgraded easily.
  3. Easy to troubleshoot.
  4. Easy to setup and modify.
  5. Only that node is affected which has failed, rest of the nodes can work smoothly.

Disadvantages of Star Topology


  1. Cost of installation is high.
  2. Expensive to use.
  3. If the hub fails then the whole network is stopped because all the nodes depend on the hub.
  4. Performance is based on the hub that is it depends on its capacity

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Saturday, 3 March 2018

Posted by NURUL ALIA SYAFIKA at 03:34

Penggunaan Kalimah ALLAH Oleh Agama Lain

Sesungguhnya tiada Tuhan melainkan ALLAH, dan Nabi Muhammad itu pesuruh ALLAH.. Kita umat Islam, berdiri atas kalimah syahadah yang sama, mengaku bahawa ALLAH itu tuhan yang Esa.. Apa yang ingin saya share ini adalah berkaitan isu pengguanaan kalimah ALLAH oleh agama lain (pernah dibangkitkan oleh penganut Agama Kristian.. Firstly, ini adalah perkara asas dalam semua agama, iaitu kepercayaan kepada Tuhan, di mana kita mengaku bahawa Tuhan kita adalah ALLAH yang Maha Esa.. So, bagaimana pula dengan Kristian ni? Sebelum itu saya mengajak pembaca merenung semula kisah Isa ibnu Maryam, benarkah Nabi Isa disalib? Kita umat Islam percaya kisah Nabi Isa A.S dimana Nabi Isa A.S tidak disalib malah diangkat ke langit, tetapi mereka (penganut Kristian) percaya Nabi Isa A.S  disalib.. Maka cuba fikir, 2 perkara berbeza ini jika wujud, sebenarnya very confusing.. Sebab itu kita jangan sesekali samakan Nabi Isa dengan Jesus Christ kerana kedua-duanya berbeza..  Inilah kaitannya dengan penggunaan kalimah ALLAH, jika dibenarkan penggunaan kalimah ALLAH dalam agama mereka, nescaya tercemarlah nama ALLAH yang Maha Esa.. Kerana apa? Firstly, akan tercemarlah sifat-sifat ALLAH, kerana dalam al-Quran disebutkan ALLAH itu satu, tiada sekutu, tiada anak dan tidak diperanakkan.. Sedangkan dalam agama Kristian, Trinity adalah pegangan mereka, maka jika mereka menggunakan kalimah ALLAH sebagai Tuhan mereka, maka akan wujud sekutu bagi ALLAH (na’uzubillah) iaitu Jesus Christ sebagai anak ALLAH, dan Roh Qudus.. MasyaALLAH, tercemar nama ALLAH, all muslims must concern about this.. Ingat, jika berhujah mengenai Christianity, jangan sesekali gunakan kalimah ALLAH dan Nabi Isa, sedangkan dalam bibble mereka sendiri tak menggunakan kalimah ALLAH, malahan menggunakan perkataan Lord, God, Father, Jesus..  Jika digunakan kalimah ALLAH bagi Lord ataupun God, bermakna di sini wujudnya sifat Tuhan yang mempunyai anak iaitu Jesus sedangkan dalam Islam, ALLAH itu tiada mempunyai anak.. Jika penganut agama Kristian dibenarkan memakai salib, maka saya juga yakin jika dibenarkan penggunaan kalimah ALLAH ini, maka tidak mustahil kalimah ini akan juga diguna pakai bersama salib mereka, sama ada pada tiang salib, rantai perhiasan ataupun penggunaan dan terteranya kalimah ALLAH di gereja..  Justeru, kita yang mengaku diri kita Islam, seharusnya berani menegakkan agama kita yang satu, menegakkan kalimah syahadah yang menjadi pegangan kita..

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Posted by NURUL ALIA SYAFIKA at 03:30

Zina, Lelaki Yang Dipersalahkan?

Apakah maksud zina? Zina adalah satu persetubuhan yang dilakukan tanpa ikatan yang sah antara lelaki dan wanita. Perkara yang menjerumuskan ke arah hubungan tanpa nikah itu juga disebut zina, tetapi dalam konteks yang kecil. Bermaksud perbuatan itu hanyalah satu perkara yang mendorong untuk melakukan hubungan seksual tanpa nikah. Seperti memandang dengan nafsu pada yang telah diharamkan, maka itu adalah zina kecil pada pandangan.
Siapa yang dipersalahkan dalam masalah zina yang berlaku? Kita melihat pasangan yang  kononnya terlanjur saling tuding menuding menyalahkan pasangan masing-masing, tetapi adakah diri mereka sendiri sedar akan kesalahan yang mereka lakukan?
Kita boleh bersetuju bermulanya dari lelaki, tetapi kita tidak boleh menafikan sepenuhnya perempuan tidak memualakan apa-apa perkara berkaitan zina. Kita bersetuju dalam permasalahan rogol, wanita itu dianiaya, tetapi bagaimana pula jika masalah hubungan antara suka sama suka yang menjerumuskan diri dalam perzinaan?
Tidak kira lelaki atapun wanita, semuanya wujud satu perasaan yang bergelora dalam diri yang dikenali sebagai nafsu. Itulah yang mempengaruhi tindakan setiap individu. Islam menggariskan panduan supaya menundukkan nafsu ini, maka zina ini tidak berlaku.
Tundukkan pandangan, panduan bagi menundukkan nafsu, seperti mana dalam surah An-Nur pada ayat 30 dan 31 yang bermaksud
Katakanlah kepada orang laki-laki yang beriman: “Hendaklah mereka menahan pandanganya, dan memelihara kemaluannya; yang demikian itu adalah lebih suci bagi mereka, sesungguhnya Allah Maha Mengetahui apa yang mereka perbuat.”
Seterusnya pada ayat 31
Katakanlah kepada wanita yang beriman: “Hendaklah mereka menahan pandangannya, dan kemaluannya, dan janganlah mereka menampakkan perhiasannya, kecuali yang (biasa) nampak dari padanya.
Adakah perintah ALLAH ini pada lelaki sahaja? Tidak, tetapi kepada hamba-Nya lelaki dan juga wanita. Tetapi terlebih dahulu ditujukan kepada lelaki supaya menundukkan pandangan, kerana lelaki ini lebih terdedah kepada perkara yang menarik pandangannya, dan dengan sifat lelaki yang lebih teruja untuk memerhatikan perkara disekeliling.
Adakah ditujukan kepada lelaki dahulu bermaksud mulanya dari lelaki? Tidak. Kerana ayat seterusnya menerangkan supaya wabita juga menundukkan pandangan, dan juga memelihara segala apa yang haram ditunjukkan kepada yang bukan sah bagi wanita tersebut. Bermaksud tugas wanita adalah memelihara segala di tubuhnya, rambutnya, badannya, tangan serta kakinya serta segala di tubuhnya, untuk mengelak berlakunya zina.
Senarionya senang, jika seorang lelaki memandang pada seorang wanita yang menampakkan punggungnya, dengan menampakkan dadanya dengan menampakkan rambutnya sedangkan wanita tersebut tidak memandang pada lelaki tersebut, lalu dari pandangan itu mendorong kepada hubungan yang membawa pada zina, siapa yang harus dipersalahkan? Lelaki yang tidak menjaga pandangan ataupun wanita yang tidak menjaga perhiasan (Aurat) di tubuhnya?
Kenapa pandangan ditundukkan? Apa kaitan dengan zina? Perhatikan betapa berkaitnya pandangan dengan nafsu, kerana itu ALLAH menyuruh manusia menundukkan pandangan, kerana ALLAH adalah arkitek manusia, dan ALLAH tahu apa kaitannya disetiap tubuh kita. Pandangan itu berhubung dengan kemaluan (Nafsu), dengan pandangan pada yang merangsang, nafsu akan terpengaruh dan membawa kepada perlakuan zina. Inilah sebabnya pandangan yang dapat ditundukkan, maka kemaluan akan terjaga dari perkara zina.
Kesimpulannya, lelaki dan wanita semuanya bertanggungjawab atas diri dalam mencegah diri dari perzinaan yang merupakan dosa besar di sisi Islam. Tidak lelaki itu dipersalahkan sepenuhnya, tetapi semua akan dinilai atas perbuatan mereka, pada pandangan mereka yang membawa kepada masalah ini.

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AKTIVITI SEMASA CUTI

Posted by NURUL ALIA SYAFIKA at 03:27

       Pada cuti pertengahan semester yang lalu iaitu pada 14 hingga 24 Februari 2018. Saya melalukan banyak aktiviti yang menarik. Pada hari kedua saya bercuti, saya dan keluarga saya pergi ke Aman Central untuk menyambut birthday saya. Kami makan di Mr.Dakgalbi. Saya rasa gembira kerana seluruh keluarga saya ada bersama saya walaupun  birthday saya dah lepas iaitu 7 Februari 2018.

       Selain itu, setiap pagi saya akan temankan ibu saya ke pasar untuk membeli barang-barang basah untuk dimasak. Saya juga gembira kerana dapat meluangkan masa bersama keluarga saya di rumah. Pada hari kelima saya bercuti, saya telah pergi menonton wayang 'Black Panther' bersama kawan saya di GSC Aman Central. Selepas kami menonton wayang, kami juga pergi membeli belah di Padini, Brand Outlet dan lain-lain. Hari itu agak penat tapi menyeronokan.

       Pada hari ketujuh bercuti, saya pergi ke SMK Jitra iaitu sekolah lama saya. Saya bersekolah di situ dari tingkatan 1 hingga tingkatan 5. Saya pergi ke sekolah untuk mengambil sijil SPM walhal saya jugak sempat berjumpa cikgu-cikgu yang pernah mengajar saya. Saya amat merindui cikgu-cikgu saya. Saya harap dapat melawat mereka lagi selepas ini.

      Sekian itu sahaja aktiviti yang saya lakukan untuk mengisi masa lapang sepanjang cuti pertengahan semester 2 ini. Terima kasih :)

       

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Monday, 26 February 2018

COVER BOOK COMPUTER SCIENCE

Posted by NURUL ALIA SYAFIKA at 03:23


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WHAT IS INTERNET?

Posted by NURUL ALIA SYAFIKA at 03:18

The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer networks - a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers). It was conceived by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. government in 1969 and was first known as the ARPANet. The original aim was to create a network that would allow users of a research computer at one university to "talk to" research computers at other universities. A side benefit of ARPANet's design was that, because messages could be routed or rerouted in more than one direction, the network could continue to function even if parts of it were destroyed in the event of a military attack or other disaster.

Today, the Internet is a public, cooperative and self-sustaining facility accessible to hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Physically, the Internet uses a portion of the total resources of the currently existing public telecommunication networks. Technically, what distinguishes the Internet is its use of a set of protocols called TCP/IP (for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). Two recent adaptations of Internet technology, the intranet and the extranet, also make use of the TCP/IP protocol.

For most Internet users, electronic mail (email) practically replaced the postal service for short written transactions. People communicate over the Internet in a number of other ways including  Internet Relay Chat (IRC), Internet telephony, instant messaging, video chat or social media. 

The most widely used part of the Internet is the World Wide Web (often abbreviated "WWW" or called "the Web"). Its outstanding feature is hypertext, a method of instant cross-referencing. In most Web sites, certain words or phrases appear in text of a different color than the rest; often this text is also underlined. When you select one of these words or phrases, you will be transferred to the site or page that is relevant to this word or phrase. Sometimes there are buttons, images, or portions of images that are "clickable." If you move the pointer over a spot on a Web site and the pointer changes into a hand, this indicates that you can click and be transferred to another site.

Using the Web, you have access to billions of pages of information. Web browsing is done with a Web browser, the most popular of which are Chrome, Firefox and Internet Explorer. The appearance of a particular Web site may vary slightly depending on the browser you use. Also, later versions of a particular browser are able to render more "bells and whistles" such as animation, virtual reality, sound, and music files, than earlier versions.

The Internet has continued to grow and evolve over the years of its existence. IPv6, for example, was designed to anticipate enormous future expansion in the number of available IP addresses. In a related development, the Internet of Things (IoT) is the burgeoning environment in which almost any entity or object can be provided with a unique identifier and the ability to transfer data automatically over the Internet.

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